W " æ & û " r " » " T / g 4 Ä 4 4 4 Õ 4 ˜ 4 Ä : Ô ? $ ? Ü
à à à P
$ a
à •
$ ä Ó
-
- &
- d
- ≈
- ˙
$ "
, O
- ¶
, â
-
,
- ∞ Ó ¨
$ ï Ó
$
§
±
$
“
∏
$ ø
$ Ó &
$ æ Ó û
$ G
, s
- ô
,
- T à g 6 i
7
8 «
7 Ä 6 Æ
7 Ü
8
7 6
7 Q
8 ∏
7 6
7 Õ 6 ◊
7 ˜ 6 ˙
7 ¬
8 ≤
7 Ä à Ô
A F ı ª60 ıœ ª8t DÉ ª5
ó ª5` õ ª5´ õ+ ª6D ª5≥ ı
›
T E C H N O T E :
Approaching the Millennium:
The Mac and the Year 2000
by Brian Bechtel
devsupport@applelink.apple.com
Apple Developer Technical Support (DTS)
There has been much concern recently about various operating systems and computers and their handling of the year 2000. Many operating systems and computers use two digits to represent and store the year, and this can cause problems in the year 2000. For example, a simple comparison would falsely claim that the year 2000 (i.e., 00) falls before the year 1999 (i.e., 99).
The Mac OS and Apple Macintosh computers do not have problems with the year 2000. The following Q & AÕs address this, and direct the reader to further sources of information related to this topic.
How Will the Mac OS Handle the Year 2000?
All Mac OS date and time utilities have correctly handled all issues related to the year 2000 since the introduction of the Macintosh. The origi œnal date and time utilities, introduced with the original Macintosh 128K in 1984, used a 32-bit low memory global value to store seconds, starting at 12:00:00 a.m., January 1, 1904. Since the Mac OS used a 32-bit value to store seconds, this means that the last date represented in this 32-bit value is 6:28:15 a.m. on February 6, 2040. The current date and time utilities, documented in Inside Macintosh: Operating System Utilities, use a 64-bit signed value. This covers dates from 30081 B.C. to 29940 A.D. For further reference, see Inside Macintosh: Operating System Utilities, Chapter 4, or its predecessor, Inside Macintosh Volume II.
Gregorian calendar support is included with all localized versions of the Mac OS. In addition, the Arabic version of the Mac OS supports both the Arabic astronomical lunar calendar and the Arabic civil lunar calendar. The Hebrew version of the Mac OS supports the Jewish calendar. The Persian É version of the Mac OS supports the Iranian national calendar.
Will Macintosh Software Handle 2000?
In general, yes. The only problems you may encounter are when you use your own date and time utility package, rather than using the Toolbox calls supplied by the Mac OS. If you are using your own date and time utilities, you should test carefully to ensure that you handle all of the subtle issues of date and time conversion.
WhatÕs Special About the Year 2019?
The Date & Time control panel constrains user entry to dates between January 1, 1920 and December 31, 2019. This feature was added for compatibility with the original Macintosh System 6 General control panel, which limited dates so there would be no ambiguity about a 2-digit year (which was all that was normally displayed on a US system). The Date & Time control panel uses the Script Manager function ToggleDate. ToggleDate was enhanced in 1989 to have an option that limited dates to the 1920-2019 rang óe so that it could be used by the General control panel and other control panels that wanted to have a date widget that operated in the same way. You can set a date beyond 2019, up to the year 2040, by using the Macintosh Toolbox call SetDateTime().
Does February 29, 2000 Exist?
Yes, there will be a February 29, 2000. The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar that measures time from the year of the birth of Jesus Christ. It contains 11 months with fixed lengths of 30 or 31 days and a twelfth month of 28 days that is lengthened to 29 days every fourth year (called a leap year).
The Gregorian calendar is a refinement of the Julian calendar, established in Roman times. The Julian calendar assumed a year of 365.25 days; the actual length of the solar year, however, is 365.2422 days, producing an error of one day every 128 years. In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII adjusted the error that had accumulated over the centuries by canceling the ten days between October 5 and October 15. He further ordained that y õears divisible by 100 would not be leap years unless they were also divisible by 400. (From this rule, you can see that 1800 and 1900 are not leap years, but 2000 is.) This adjusted the Gregorian calendar to 365.2425 days and reduced its error to one day in 3,323 years. Non-Catholic cultures adopted the Gregorian calendar over the succeeding centuries, calling Julian dates Old Style and Gregorian dates New Style. This change occurred in the United Kingdom and its colonies in 1751.
For More Information
For information on the Mac OS utilities for date and time manipulation, see Inside Macintosh: Operating System Utilities, chapter 4, the Date, Time and Measurement Utilities. For information about other calendar systems supported by the Mac OS, see Guide to Macintosh Software Localization, chapter 9, Localized Macintosh System Software and chapter 11, Calendars and Dates.
There is a World Wide Web site devoted to the issues of the Year 2000, at <http://www.year2000.com> which contains much information + on this subject. There is also a mailing list to discuss Year 2000 issues. Send an email to listmanager@hookup.net with the text SUBSCRIBE YEAR2000 in the body of the message (not in the subject).
A good quick reference to the Gregorian calendar and its evolution may be found at <http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Things/gregorian_calendar.html>
Further References
n Apple Computer, Inc., Inside Macintosh: Operating System Utilities (Addison-Wesley, 1994).
n Apple Computer, Inc., Guide to Macintosh Software Localization (Addison-Wesley, 1992).
n G . V. Coyne, M. A. Hoskin, and O. Pedersen, eds., Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary (Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Specolo Vaticano, 1983).
n Information Leaflet No. 48: Leap Years, Royal Greenwich Observatory, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0EZ, United Kingdom. Available at the URL <http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/RGO/leaflets/leapyear/leapyear.html>
n Act of Parliament, ÒAn Act for Regulating the Commencement of the Year; and for Correcting the Calendar now in Use.Ó 24 Geo. 2. c. 23 (A.D. 1751. Anno vicesimo quarto GEORGII II. CAP. XXIII.)
n Pope Gregory XIII, Inter Gravissimus, 1582
Acknowledgments
Tom Maremaa, Doug MacMillan, Frank Rimalovski, Peter Edberg, and Bob Wambaugh.
Z ÿÿ N ° DSET ≠ ÿÿ . H ÿÿÿÿÿÿ ª8¨ ° √ ˆ ` ˘ ° ÿÿ 6 ÿÿ * ˆ ` DSET h ÿÿ . H ÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ ª5X ` ` ° ÿÿ √ è ° ÿÿ p ° ÿÿ a √ ° ÿÿ é ° ÿÿ q ˘ ° ÿÿ 6 ÿÿ * ˆ ` DSET ≠ ÿÿ . H ˆÒñ NÑÿÿÿÿÿÿ ª8È ˆ ` ' ° ÿÿ ´ ÿÿ * ˆ ` ° ' è ° ' è ° ' è DSET T • @ • ª5Δ ª8p ª4√ ª6( ° ' ª5à ' " à y [ˇP[¥ΔWWl≤[¡‰
ÿÿÿÿ * ;0 ! # ÿÿÿÿ + >0 ! ' ÿÿÿÿ , @0 ! ' ÿÿÿÿ % - B‹ ÿÿÿÿ ÿÿ . C0 B B ÿÿ ! / D0 B B ÿÿ " 0 E0 B B ÿÿÿÿ 1 F0 B D ÿÿ $ 2 G0 B D ÿÿ % 3 H0 B D ÿÿ & 4 I0 B D
ÿÿ ' 5 J0 B D ÿÿ ( 6 K0 B D ÿÿÿÿ 7 L0 B C $ ÿÿÿÿ 8 M0 B C % ÿÿÿÿ 9 N0 B E & ÿÿ , : O0 B E ÿÿÿÿ % ; P‹ ÿÿÿÿ ÿÿ < Q0 P P ' ÿÿÿÿ = R0 P P ( ÿÿÿÿ > S0 P P ( ÿÿÿÿ ? T0 P R ) ÿÿÿÿ @ U0 P R * ÿÿÿÿ A V0 P R * ÿÿÿÿ B W0 P R *
ÿÿÿÿ C X0 P R * ÿÿÿÿ D Y0 P R * ÿÿÿÿ E Z0 P Q + ÿÿÿÿ F [0 P Q + ÿÿÿÿ G \0 P S ) ÿÿÿÿ H ]0 P S * ÿÿÿÿ % I ^‹ ÿÿÿÿ ÿÿ J _0 ^ ^ , ÿÿÿÿ K `0 ^ ^ ÿÿÿÿ L a0 ^ ^ ÿÿÿÿ M b0 ^ ` - ÿÿÿÿ N c0 ^ ` ÿÿÿÿ O d0 ^ ` ÿÿÿÿ P e0 ^ ` ! ÿÿÿÿ Q f0 ^ ` " ÿÿÿÿ R g0 ^ ` # ÿÿÿÿ S h0 ^ _ . $
ÿÿÿÿ T i0 ^ _ . %
ÿÿÿÿ U j0 ^ a & ÿÿÿÿ V k0 ^ a ' ÿÿÿÿ % W l‹ ÿÿÿÿ ( ÿÿ X m0 l l / ) ÿÿÿÿ Y n0 l l * ÿÿÿÿ Z o0 l l + ÿÿÿÿ [ p0 l n , ÿÿÿÿ \ q0 l n - ÿÿÿÿ ] r0 l n . ÿÿÿÿ ^ s0 l n / ÿÿÿÿ _ t0 l n 0 ÿÿÿÿ ` u0 l n 1 ÿÿÿÿ a v0 l m 0 6
ÿÿÿÿ b w0 l m 0 7
ÿÿÿÿ c x0 l o & 4
ÿÿÿÿ d y0 l o 5
ÿÿÿÿ e z‹ ÿÿÿÿ ( ÿÿ f {0 z z ) ÿÿ Y g |0 z z * ÿÿÿÿ h }0 z z 2 ÿÿÿÿ i ~0 z | , ÿÿÿÿ j 0 z | 3 ÿÿÿÿ k •0 z | 8 ÿÿÿÿ l ™0 z | 9 ÿÿÿÿ m ≠0 z | : ÿÿÿÿ n ∞0 z { 1 6
ÿÿÿÿ o ≥0 z } < ÿÿÿÿ p ∑‹ ÿÿÿÿ
; ÿÿ q ∫0 ∑ ∑ 2 = ÿÿÿÿ r Ω0 ∑ ∑
> ÿÿÿÿ s √0 ∑ Ω
ÿÿÿÿ t ≈0 ∑ Ω
! ÿÿÿÿ u …0 ∑ Ω
" ÿÿÿÿ v —0 ∑ Ω
# ÿÿÿÿ w ‘0 ∑ ∫ 3 A ÿÿÿÿ x Ÿ0 ∑ ∫ 3 B ÿÿÿÿ y ⁄Ø ÿÿÿÿ
RULR ª6p =ÿÿ ÿ ÿÿ ÿ ÿÿ ‡ @ ÿÿ [ ÿÿ $ ÿÿ iÿ Â B ÿÿ $ ÿÿ $ ÿÿ ÿ Â B ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿ @ ÿÿ $ ÿÿ H ÿÿÿÿ ÿ ª B < ÿÿ l ÿÿ Δ ÿÿ ´ ÿÿ Ø ÿÿ ÿ b B ÿÿ ü ÿÿ ÿÿÿÿ ÿ ˚ ÿÿ D ÿÿ h ÿÿÿÿ ÿ z B ÿÿ
‘ ÿÿ ° ÿÿ ÿ bÿô N N .H``Ä QH`Ææ`Ææ`Ä,Wß~`Ææ`ÄDWóø`ÆæQΩ‘`ÄDQM¬`ÄLQHf`Ä\QH`Ææ`ÿÿ ÿÿÿÿ ÿ j B ÿÿ $ ÿÿ H !ÿÿÿÿ iÿ : B "ÿÿÿÿ áÿ J b•.H``Ä QH`Ææ`Ææ`Ä,Wß~`Ææ`ÄDWóø`ÆæQΩ‘`ÄDQM¬`ÄLQHf`Ä\QH`Ææ` #ÿÿÿÿ aÿ J $ÿÿÿÿ iÿ ª B < %ÿÿÿÿ iÿ  B d ÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿ  B d ÿÿ iÿ b B ÿÿ aÿ ˚ ÿÿ iÿ z B ÿÿ íÿ bÿô N N .H``Ä QH`Ææ`Ææ`Ä,Wß~`Ææ`ÄDWóø`ÆæQΩ‘`ÄDQM¬`ÄLQHf`Ä\QH`Ææ`ÿÿ iÿ j B ÿÿ l ÿÿ Δ ÿÿ ´ ÿÿ Ø ÿÿ ü ÿÿ ÿÿ D ÿÿ h ÿÿ ÿÿ $ ÿÿ H ÿÿ l ÿÿ Δ ÿÿ ´ * /ÿÿ HASH ÿ œ &o ÿ 3, 40 Q 5v 6˝ 7À 80 ‡
', Q v ˝ À å
/ T y ı Ã , Q v +˝ ,À -å .
/ / 0 T 1 y 2
0 *' ( Q–º >–º )@ ÿ
@‡ h ¬ LKUP ˜ ˘ ˙ ˚ ˝ ˛ ˇ ı ƒ £ ¡ ¢ (
! " ) 1 # $
% & 2 < ' ( ) * =ÿÿ + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ • ™ ≠ ∞ ≥ ∑ ∫ Ω √ ≈ … — ‘ Ÿ ⁄ ∂ Δ Œ ‚ „ ‰ ˆ ‰ ÿÿ $ NAME Default
Default SS Header Body Footer Footnote Footnote Index
HeadingH2.H2 Code.CV Heading1.H1 Italic HeadingH3.H3 Bullet Checklist Number !Classic B Blue Gray 1 P Blue Gray 2 ^Colorful l
